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Other than the human brain and the brains of people, the vast majority of all known animal species have some form of dopamine-synthesizing capacity, either in the cytoplasm of their cells or in their nerve endings.[129] Thus, whether dopamine's role is that of a neurotransmitter or of a neurohormone is somewhat unclear or it is even alternately suggested that dopamine serves as both a neurotransmitter and as a neurohormone. However, scientists have long known that dopamine plays an important role in both pleasure and reward—in other words, its actions impact our ability to not only enjoy life, but to succeed in doing so.

Dopamine is a primary reward neurotransmitter in brain circuits that mediate positive reinforcement and motivation.[130] Dopamine neurons also play a role in the perception of sensory stimuli, as well as in behavioral responses to central and peripheral stressors.[131]

Further, dopamine has been shown to play a role in the development of learning and memory processes as well as in the control of circadian rhythms and circadian rhythms are also seen as a reason for added joy, ecstasy or rapture. (>From the article on dopamine )

Dopamine is also known to be a powerfully addictive and powerfully motivating drug, and the fact that it is also a neurotransmitter has led to its use as a prescription drug for treating illness and as a reward in lieu of addiction.[132]

Of course, just because a drug is addictive, does not mean that it is evil. The English Puritans particularly considered the effects of pleasure and the joy that could result from sin. Such pleasure is spiritual, and because of that, detection is especially difficult, especially since different people prefer different kinds of joy. d2c66b5586